"We behave on the basis of our perceptions. If our perceptions of a situation can be altered so as to cause us to misconstrue it, or to develop a false belief, then our behavior in relation to it will be drastically altered. It is precisely in the area of changing perceptions that the hypnotic modality demonstrates its most powerful effects. Hallucinations both under hypnosis, and posthypnotic, can easily be induced in the suggestible subject. He can be made to ignore painful stimuli, be apparently unable to hear loud sounds, and 'see' individuals who are not present. Moreover, attitudes and beliefs can be initiated in him which are quite abnormal and often contrary to those which he previously held."
     - John G. Watkins, 'Antisocial behavior under hypnosis: Possible or impossible?', International Journal for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1972, Vol. 20, 95-100

Hypnosis is "Sirhan kept repeating certain phrases. This clearly revealed he had been programmed to put himself into a trance. This is something he couldn't have learned by himself. Someone had to show him and teach him how. I believe Sirhan was brainwashed under hypnosis by the constant repetition of words like, 'You are nobody, you're nothing, the American dream is gone' until he actually believed them. At that stage, someone implanted an idea, 'kill Robert F. Kennedy', and under hypnosis the brainwashed Sirhan accepted it."
     - Walter Bowart, Operation Mind Control

"It is very possible to distort and change somebody's mind through a number of hypnotic sessions. It can be described as brainwashing because the mind is cleared of its old emotions and values which are replaced by implant other suggestions...This technique as probably used with Sirhan."
     - Dr Herbert Spiegel

(2) MK Ultra Sub-project 68

The newly-formed CIA initiated studies in mind control programs "in 1950, with Project BLUEBIRD, rechristened ARTICHOKE in 1951. To establish a ' cover story' for this research, the CIA funded a propaganda effort designed to convince the world that the Communist Bloc had devised insidious new methods of re-shaping the human will; the CIA's own efforts could therefore, if exposed, be explained as an attempt to ' catch up' with Soviet and Chinese work. The primary promoter of this ' line' was one Edward Hunter, a CIA contract employee operating under- cover as a journalist, and, later, a prominent member of the John Birch society."
"Hunter offered ' brainwashing' as the explanation for the numerous confessions signed by American prisoners of war during the Korean War and (generally) UN-recanted upon the prisoners' repatriation. These confessions alleged that the United States used germ warfare in the Korean conflict, a claim which the American public of the time found impossible to accept. Many years later, however, investigative reporters discovered that Japan's germ warfare specialists (who had wreaked incalculable terror on the conquered Chinese during WWII) had been mustered into the American national security apparat -- and that the knowledge gleaned from Japan's horrifying germ warfare experiments probably WAS used in Korea, just as the ' brainwashed' soldiers had indicated. Thus, we now know that the entire brainwashing scare of the 1950s constituted a CIA hoax perpetrated upon the American public: CIA deputy director Richard Helms admitted as much when, in 1963, he told the Warren Commission that Soviet mind control research consistently lagged years behind American efforts."

When the CIA's mind control program was transferred from the Office of Security to the Technical Services Staff (TSS) in 1953, the name changed again -- to MKULTRA....(Later still, in 1962, mind control research was transferred to the Office of Research and Development; project cryptonyms remain unrevealed. What was studied? Everything -- including hypnosis, conditioning, sensory deprivation, drugs, religious cults, microwaves, psychosurgery, brain implants, and even ESP. When MKULTRA ' leaked' to the public during the great CIA investigations of the 1970s, public attention focused most heavily on drug experimentation and the work with ESP. Mystery still shrouds another area of study, the area which seems to have most interested ORD: psychoelectronics.
     - Martin Cannon, The Controllers: A New Hypothesis of Alien Abduction

"The MK ULTRA program was a covert behavior modification program run by the CIA in the early 1950s
     - with the purpose of finding ways to make men more suggestible
     - and involving the use of pain, drugs and hypnosis on unsuspecting human guinea pigs.
The first person to publicly expose the CIA's use of "pain-drug-hypnosis" was L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, who wrote in his 1951 book Science of Survival that it had become so extensively employed in espionage work that it was long past the time people should have become alarmed about it.
"Mr. Hubbard's statement was found to be true in the 1970s, when the CIA's program became public knowledge after the freedom of Information Act enabled investigators to document the agency's inhumane and grotesque experiments on human subjects. The ensuing outcry over the use of mind-bending drugs, which combined with electric shock caused the deaths or maiming of untold numbers of people, drew comparisons between the CIA and the infamous Nazi doctors and led to Congressional hearings into the intelligence agency."
     - an40286@anon.penet.fi (probably from the Scientology Guardians Organization)

"It has now been documented that millions of doses of the chemical were produced and disseminated under the aegis of the CIA's Operation MK-Ultra. LSD became the drug of choice within the agency itself, and was passed out freely to friends of the family, including a substantial number of OSS veterans. For instance, it was OSS Research and Analysis Branch veteran Gregory Bateson who 'turned on' the Beat poet Allen Ginsberg to a U.S. Navy LSD experiment in Palo Alto, California. Not only Ginsberg, but novelist Ken Kesey and the original members of the Grateful Dead rock group opened the doors of perception courtesy of the Navy. The guru of the 'psychedelic revolution', Timothy Leary, first heard about hallucinogens in 1957 from Life magazine (whose publisher, Henry Luce, was often given government acid,like many other opinion shapers), and began his career as a CIA contract employee; at a 1977 'reunion' of acid pioneers, Leary openly admitted, 'everything I am, I owe to the foresight of the CIA'.''
     - Michael J. Minnicino, "The New Dark Age
      The Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", Fidelio, v1 #1

"Using radioactive molecules traced with LSD, science has been able to follow the course of LSD through the various channels and avenues of the body. It has been found found that after selecting certain areas of the various parts of the brain it then migrates to sections with fewer imprints [less conditioned], for instance the right of the hemisphere, the so-called creative center. By redirecting consciousness, as it were, into the unimprinted areas of the cortex, one hypothetically experiences the world anew, hence the variety of interpretations which arise upon questioning psychedelic voyagers about their 'trip'. Because of LSD's antagonistic effect on serotonin and the pineal gland itself, it would seem quite likely there is a chemical relationship between mental illness and deficiencies of serotonin. But intravenous doses have been administered to humans with no psychedelic effects noted. Melatonin itself has the same indole structure as LSD."
      - Russ McClay, "The Pineal Gland, LSD and Serotonin"

"While Allen Dulles had brilliantly manipulated first the German generals and then Admiral Canaris' Abwehr from his office in Switzerland, he had received invaluable insights into the enemy's mentality from Dr Cameron and other psychiatrists who were members of an ultra-secret committee meeting regularly in the offices of the American Psychiatric Association in Washington to assess the changing attitudes of Germany and its leaders. Dr. Cameron's insights into the German mentality made it easier for Dulles to have manipulated Himmler's Gestapo towards overthrowing Hitler, and helped him to use German liberals to spread hysteria among the population. Dr. Cameron had synthesized the techniques in documents like 'Mass Hysteria in a War Situation' and 'The Mechanics of Civilian Morale and Wartime Pressure'. Some of Dr Cameron's suggestions had struck Dulles as original and far-reaching
     - such as his proposal that after the war each surviving German over the age of twelve should receive a short course of electro-shock treatment to burn out any remaining vestige of Nazism."

"Glasgow born Dr Ewen Cameron worked out of the Alan Memorial Institute, Montreal after the war. He was assisted in a series of on-going experiments with psychiatric patients there by doctors in the McGill Psychiatric Training Network which he founded. As President of the all-powerful American Psychiatric Association, Canadian Psychiatric Association and World Association of Psychiatrists, and founder of the Canadian Mental Health Association, Dr Cameron "remained the most powerful single figure in North American psychiatry
     - if not in the Western world. He held more titles than any of his peers; he had unparalleled access to any clinical research institute. In every way he remained the ideal cover for the Agency's quest for mind-control"

"Dr Cameron prescribed large quantities of drugs [including LSD], repeated courses of electro-shock and a technique he had developed called 'psychic driving', repeatedly playing back selected words to a patient to break down psychological barriers and open up the patient's unconscious." During an intensive interrogation an emotionally charged reminiscence from the patient's past was recorded. The patient then had to wear a specially adapted football helmet which played a looped tape of these words over and over again for sixteen hours a day. The purpose was to penetrate the patient's defense system.
In 1955 "at the annual conference of the American Psychiatric Association, Dr Cameron had promoted psychic driving through the columns of Weekend Magazine, a mass-circulation tabloid....Exploiting the word of the decade, he had referred to the technique as 'beneficial brain-washing'."
     - Gordon Thomas, Journey into Madness

"...The dynamic implant thus established, and especially if reinforced by repeated driving, tends to activate more and more of the components of the relevant community of action tendencies. Those components tend to appear in the patient's awareness."
"...Our studies now turned to attempts to establish lasting changes in the patient's behavior, using verbal signals of a predetermined nature and of our own devising. After considerable experimentation, we have developed a procedure which in the most successful case has produced changes lasting up to two months. The procedure requires (1) The breaking down of ongoing patterns of the patient's behavior by means of particularly intensive electroshocks (depatterning). (2) The intensive repetition (16 hours a day for 6 or 7 days) of the prearranged verbal signals. (3) During this period of intensive repetition, the patient is kept in partial sensory isolation. (4) Repression of the driving period is carried out by putting the patient, after the conclusion of the period, into continuous sleep for 7/10 days..."
     - Dr. Cameron

"...A patient was first put to sleep for three days and then, still comatose, given between thirty to sixty electro-shocks over a short period and, in between, received doses of 1,000 milligrams of Largactil, a powerful tranquilizer, to combat anxiety."

The Isolation Chamber "looked like a prison cell with its heavy double-thickness door and cladded walls..." According to Dr Cameron, both he and Communist interrogators "were concerned with putting their subjects back 'in harmony' with their environment - by curing either a neurosis or ideological dissent. Dr Cameron had asked Rubenstein to build the Isolation Chamber because it would 'help' his patients if they could be first isolated and then disorientated before he tried to 'restructure' their attitudes.

"Throughout the remainder of 1964 and 1965, Dr [Sydney] Gottlieb authorized that over a dozen M-K-Ultra sub-projects related to the work of Dr Cameron should be placed under anew acronym: M-K-Search. Many of the investigations dealt with means to exploit human weaknesses and destabilize personalities. "Over $300,000 was set aside to maintain a number of 'safe houses' in Washington, New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. [William] Buckley was among several Agency employees who knew the intention was to use them as places where 'expendables' could be tested under full medical supervision. There was talk of secretly flying in captured Vietcong for 'terminal experiments'."

In 1967 Dr Cotter supervised electroshock treatments in Bien Hoa Hospital 'to introduce the latest in the treatment of psychiatric hospital patients' according to the American Journal of Psychiatry. Vietcong prisoners were chosen 'as typical cases of Communist indoctrination' to be depatterned. Several thousand shock treatments were administered and all the subjects died within the first three weeks of the program.

In July 1968 an agency team which included a neurosurgeon and a neurologist from a CIA front organization, the Scientific Engineering Institute near Boston, arrived at Bien Hoa Hospital. Three VC prisoners were "anaesthetized and, after he had hinged back a flap in their skulls, the neurosurgeon implanted tiny electrodes in each brain.
"When the prisoners regained consciousness, the behaviorists set to work. First, they conducted simple tests, using the radio frequencies on their modules to cause their subjects suddenly to defecate or vomit. Satisfied that the equipment actually worked on humans, they had moved to more serious business. The prisoners were placed in a room and given knives. Pressing the control buttons on their handsets, the behaviorists tried to arouse their subjects to violence." Despite a week of trials, the doctors failed to make the men attack each other. (Supposedly, the prisoners were shot, as previously arranged in case of failure.)

"With CIA funding, Dr Cameron's Isolation Room was rebuilt at a laboratory of the National Institute of health. But, instead of a human...being incarcerated, lobotomized apes were kept for months in total isolation. Rubenstein's radio telemetry techniques were adapted so that 'radio frequency energy' was beamed into the brains of the already crazed animals. Several were then decapitated, and their heads transplanted on to the bodies of other headless simians - to see whether the 'energy' from the radio frequency could somehow bring back the animals to life. The experiment was known around the Agency as Operation Resurrection.
"Nearly $700,000 was spent supporting research on terminal cancer patients and mental defectives at the Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, which long had enjoyed close ties with the Agency. The patients were given a variety of stimulants, depressants and stress-inducing drugs to see whether the results that Dr Cameron had claimed for psychic driving could be reproduced. They could not."

"Beginning in 1969, a team of Agency scientists from the Office of Research and Development (ORD) ran a number of bizarre and potentially far-reaching experiments in mind-control. ORD had replaced TSS [Office of Technical Services] as the Agency's flagship for the unorthodox."
"Dr. Gottlieb had solemnly told Helms and the ORD team that the intention was to try to harness the forces of darkness and change the philosophical concept that the inner reaches of the mind were beyond reach. Then it might be possible to create a new kind of 'psychocivilized human being' - one that, naturally, would be fully controlled by the Agency." Under Operation Often, a number of dubious experiments were taken into the paranormal. Mediums, astrologers, palmists were placed on the Scientific Engineering Institutes payroll and a course in sorcery for two hundred and fifty students was funded at the University of South Carolina.

"The Schwitzgebel Machine consisted of a 'Behavior Transmitter-Reinforcer' (BT-R) fitted to a body belt which received and transmitted signals to a radio module. In the official description of the Machine the module was 'linked to a modified missile-tracking device which graphs the wearer's location and displays it on a screen'. The Schwitzgebel Machine...was able to record all physical and neurological signs in a subject up to a quarter of a mile..." "On 10 December 1972, Helms ordered Operation Often - all of it - canceled."
     - Gordon Thomas, Journey into Madness

"...Executive Order 12333, issued by President Ronald Reagan in 1981, this amendment to the CIA's charter allowed the CIA for the first time to conduct 'special activities' within the United States as long as they did not involve efforts to influence the domestic political process, media, or public opinion."
     - Howard Blum, Out There

(3) Brainwave Entrainment

When theta waves are entrained by a 10 Hz correlation signal, new information is laid down as a memory trance. It is interesting to note that only humans can be entrained by drumming. If electromagnetic pulses are used to drive brain states, the process is called "kindling" as the entrainment takes over a period of days.
     - Barry L. Beyerstein, Lecture before the BC Skeptics Society (22 April 1994)

"What can low-level microwaves do to the mind?
"According to a DIA report released under the Freedom of Information Act, microwaves can induce metabolic changes, alter brain functions, and disrupt behavior patterns. PANDORA discovered that pulsed microwaves can create leaks in the blood/brain barrier, induce heart seizures, and create behavioral disorganization. In 1970, a RAND Corporation scientist reported that microwaves could be used to promote insomnia, fatigue, irritability, memory loss, and hallucinations.
"Perhaps the most significant work in this area has been produced by Dr. W. Ross Adey at the University of Southern California. He determined that behavior and emotional states can be altered without electrodes -
     - simply by placing the subject in an electromagnetic field. By directing a carrier frequency to stimulate the brain and using amplitude modulation to 'shape' the wave into a mimicry of a desired EEG frequency, he was able to impose a 4.5 cps theta rhythm on his subjects - a frequency which he previously measured in the hippocampus during avoidance learning. Thus, he could externally condition the mind towards an aversive reaction. (Adey has also done extensive work on the use of electrodes in animals.) According to another prominent microwave scientist, Allen Frey, other frequencies could - in animal studies -induce docility.

"The controversial researcher Andrijah Puharich asserts that "a weak (1 mW) 4 Hz magnetic sine wave will modify human brain waves in 6 to 10 seconds. The psychological effects of a 4 Hz sine magnetic wave are negative - causing dizzyness, nausea, headache, and can lead to vomiting." Conversely, an 8 Hz magnetic sine wave has beneficial effects."
     - Martin Cannon, The Controllers: A New Hypothesis of Alien Abduction

"Specific frequencies at low intensities can predictably influence sensory processes... pleasantness-unpleasantness, strain-relaxation, and excitement-quiescence can be created with the fields. Negative feelings and avoidance are strong biological phenomena and relate to survival. Feelings are the true basis of much "decision-making" and often occur as subthreshold [subliminal] impressions...Ideas including names can be synchronized with the feelings that the fields induce."
     - Anne Keeler

"Frey demonstrated in the early 1960s that microwaves could produce booming, hissing, buzzing, and other intra-cerebral static (this phenomenon is now called "the Frey effect"); in 1973, Dr. Joseph Sharp, of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, expanded on Frey's work in an experiment where the subject - in this case, Sharp himself-"heard" and understood spoken words delivered via a pulsed-microwave analog of the speaker's sound vibrations. Dr. Robert Becker comments that 'Such a device has obvious applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with "voices" or deliver undetectable instructions to a programmed assassin'."
     - Martin Cannon, The Controllers: A New Hypothesis of Alien Abduction

"Some high-end influence technologies may already have been employed against us. According to Robert C. Beck, director of the Bio-Medical Research of Los Angeles, the Soviets have been utilizing extreme low frequency (ELF) radio waves (frequencies under 3 kilohertz (KHz) are considered ELF; ELF frequencies under 20 Hertz (Hz) are below the range of human hearing and are termed infrasound) modulated at pulse repetition rates of five to fifteen Hz at amplitudes of up to 40 megawatts. Although the source of these signals is believed to be an Over-the-Horizon RADAR (OTHR), the RADAR in question may have a dual purpose. According to Dr. Beck, 'These frequencies fall precisely within the psychoactive range of neuronal synchronization or brainwave entrainment, where subjects experience states from increased anxiety to extreme disorientation and even unconsciousness.'"
     - Colonel John B. Alexander, The Warrior's Edge (1990)

"If you want to see the surveillance, take a trip into the world of millimeter waves and the video cameras that are sensitive to them. People are stripped of their clothes and become featureless, luminous humanoids. Silhouetted against their bodies and suspended as if by magic, hang coins, buckles, pens and keys. Cars are dark and sinister, although their hot radiator grills are bright. Only the steel in reinforced concrete shows up, so buildings look more like cages of copper pipes and electricity cables than homes and offices. There is little privacy in the world revealed by the millimetre-wave camera. Sitting rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms and lavatories all merge into one open space. People sit in their cages watching warm boxes, others sleep while suspended a few centimeters above the floor.
"The images make an apt metaphor for the brave new digital world of electronic surveillance. It is a world where there will be nowhere to hide, nor anywhere to hide anything."
     - New Scientist, Nov 5, 1995 supplement

"Critics might counter that any burst of microwave energy powerful enough to have truly remote effects would probably also create a thermal reaction. That is, if a clandestine operator propagated a 'wave' from outside an abductee's bedroom (say, from a low-flying helicopter, or from a truck travelling alongside the subject's car), the power necessary to do the job might be such that the microwave would cook the target before it got a chance to launder his thoughts." However, a "chip-in-the-brain would act an an intensifier of the signal."
"The father of the stimoceiver, Dr. J.M.R. Delgado, has recently conducted experiments in which monkeys are exposed to electromagnetic fields, thereby eliciting a wide range of behavioral effects - one monkey might fly into a volcanic rage while, just a few feet away, his simian partner begins to nod off. Fascinatingly, when monkeys with brain implants felt 'the wave', the effects were greatly intensified. Apparently, these tiny electrodes can act as amplifiers of the electromagnetic effect." In addition "the wave" could be focused quite narrowly, substantially reducing power output.

"Electromagnetic weaponry, intended to wipe out the aggression of the enemy, is the province of DARPA, under the direction of Dr. Jack Verona. These projects remain fairly mysterious; we do know, however, that one operation, SLEEPING BEAUTY, employed the services of Dr. Michael Persinger, a scientist who has expressed interesting views regarding UFOs."
"Persinger discovered a method of using ELF waves to induce the brain's MAST cells to release histamine; should a battlefield commander wish to subject his enemy to mass bouts of vomiting, Persinger's trick could do the job even faster than a Tobe Hooper movie. The method works on animals. 'The question', writes mind control researcher Larry Collins, 'is how to get from point A to point B without violating one of the most rigorous commandments of Government ethics - thou shalt not conduct experiments like that on human beings'."
     - Martin Cannon, The Controllers: A New Hypothesis of Alien Abduction

"We are no longer at a theoretical stage with these weapons [for political control]. US companies are already piloting new systems, lobbying hard and where possible, laying down potentially lucrative patents. For example, last year New Scientist reported that the American Technology Corporation (ATC) of Poway California has used what it calls acoustical heterodyning technology to target individuals in a crowd with infra-sound to pinpoint an individual 200-300 metres away. The system can also project sonic holograms which can conjure audio messages out of thin air so just one person hears."
     - "Perfect Sound from Thin Air", New Scientist, 7 September 1996, p. 22